Malcom X s Literacy Behind Bars - 957 Words

In Malcom X’s â€Å"Literacy Behind Bars†, Malcom shares his journey of self-educating himself while behind bars in the Charlestown Prison. Malcom attempted to read books, but never succeeded because he struggled to understand the meaning of the words on the page in front of him. He claims that prison allowed him to study more than he would have if he had attended college. Although Malcom struggled on an intellectual level, he serves as a prime example of an individual with self-belief and self-determination which lead to great success. Personally, I can relate to Malcom X in the sense that my personal experiences with education have allowed me not only to believe in myself but also have a mindset that allows me to come to certain realizations not only about myself but also about the world around me. Throughout my life I have struggled when it came to the education system and learning itself. I have had highs and lows; I have been through several tutors, and have spent a lot of money in attempting to learn certain concepts and subjects. Although school has not come as easy to me as it does to others, I have not let that stop me from developing a mind of my own and self-educating myself. I never failed school, but I always struggled through most subjects. I would be the girl who tutors other students in Chemistry, but would then fail a test on the same subject matter that I just taught to the students I tutored. This took a toll on me mentally; it creates a sense of anger and a

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1180 Words

The clockwork of Nature does not stop for any Man. In the classic novel, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Arthur Dimmesdale conceals an abominable truth. Avoiding subjugation to the conservative Puritans Society rule, the reverend feigned obliviousness all the while Hester, the person he committed adultery with, fearlessly bared her shame upon her bosom. The society held Dimmesdale to a higher standard; as a result, their influences hindered his ability to take responsibility for his actions. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne manipulates complementary diction, parallel juxtapositions, guilt-ridden indirect characterizations, and enlightening dialogues to interpret how the society symbolized the prison bars cemented by incarceration, cannot bring to naught the natural order of humanity. Character is the light and reputation is the darkness. Without light, you are blind. In the beginning, this theme accentuate the value of reputation in contrast to ones character by complimentary diction. Amidst the members of the Puritan Society, a righteous reputation inhabits Reverend Dimmesdales image as the epitome of the Perfect Puritan. Savory phrases such as, his eloquence and religious fervor (46), embodies Dimmesdale reputable atmosphere through the eyes of his fellow puritans. Dimmesdales, eloquence and religious fervor (46) suggests his visible passion for religious matters. Hence the Puritans respect for him was only plausible by virtue of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Humanity vs. Conscience Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"I couldn’t of all time ben free ef it hadn’ ben for Huck ; [ he ] done it. Jim won’t of all time forgit you. Huck ; you’s de bes’ fren’ [ I have ] of all time has ; en you’s de merely fren’ ole Jim’s got now. † ( Twain 88-89 ) Throughout Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. he puts a heavy accent on the relationship of a white stripling and a black center aged. father-figured slave. As the novel progresses. Huck debates whether the ethical motives Miss Watson and widow Douglas Teach him. abandoning a true friend. are right or if he should follow his ain scruples. which tells him non to abandon person whom is trusty and an first-class comrade. This immature white male child originally learns from these two adult females that African American slaves are merely suppose to work ; nevertheless. as Huck befriends Miss Watson’s slave. Jim. Huck goes against the original ethical motives that were implanting in his caput by Miss Watson. He takes a base and runs off with Jim to do a better life for them both. Throughout Huck and Jim’s escapades and battles. society trials their relationship while their ain scruples affects major determinations they make towards each other. Over the old ages. Huck accumulates information from Miss Watson and widow Douglas about how the slaves are on a lower graduated table than the white folks. Widow Douglas teaches Huck a version of her mentality on society. but Huck neer seems to be interested and has his ain position about humanity. They continuously remind him that he needs to hold a proper instruction. yet Huck refuses to listen. He neer wants to obey widow Douglas because he believes she acts as a dissembler. Huck is in desperate demand of a fume. but widow Douglas says â€Å"†¦ [ smoking ] was average pattern and [ it ] wasn’t clean†¦and she took snuff. excessively ; of class that was all right. because she had done it herself. † ( 2 ) . While she says this. she lights up right in forepart of him. These adult females could non care less about Jim. or about any slave at that. They do non recognize that Jim has a bosom and a scruples. They implant irregular information about African American s in Huck’s head. but as he grows older. Huck begins to develop his ain thoughts about slaves. Huck sees Jim for the existent Jim and they learn more about each other than expected. Befriending Jim. Huck and him run off together and get down a new journey to the North. Along their drawn-out journey. Huck begins to believe deeply about what he should make with Jim. He contemplates whether he should squeal and turn Jim in to the constabulary. or maintain their loving friendly relationship traveling. Huck feels that if he were to turn Jim in as the suspected individual that â€Å"killed† Huck. he would experience awful and would repent it because they developed a strong connexion that would basically last a life-time. Huck and Jim’s friendly relationship strengthens as their journey to the North progresss. They help each other break free of their old lives they lead and continue to help each other on making new 1s. Huck supports Jim in desiring to go a free slave to populate a free life in the North. and â€Å"†¦conscience up and says. every clip. â€Å"But you knowed he was running for his freedom and you couldn’t ‘a’ paddled ashore and told person. † ( 87 ) . Jim helps Huck detach from his opprobrious r elationship with Pap and his commanding relationship with widow Douglas. Since Huck develops this alone bond with Jim. they grow fond of each other and admit how to protect one another. Huck looks upon Jim as a male parent figure. since Pap has non been the best male parent to Huck. There may be some at odds sentiments in the novel about the difference between both society and Huck’s inventive scruples. However. readers think Huck’s mentality on this state of affairs seems to be more politically right in today’s universe instead than the clip of the Civil War. Widow Douglas’ attitude toward slaves and society in general creates much dissension between Huck and her. Huck subsequently on leads himself to swear in Jim and does non see him as an unfortunate slave that works for his neighbour. Society would merely see Jim as an improper slave. and â€Å"†¦if he didn’t acquire saved he would acquire drownded ; and if he did acquire saved. whoever saved him would direct back place so†¦Miss Watson would sell him South. † ( 76 ) . but Huck sees Jim as his true ego and would neer bewray him in such a conniving manner. Huck does non believe he should bewray Jim because he evolves into a new individual and has such a tight bond with Jim that he would non desire to ache or disobey him. If Huck were to turn Jim in for his false â€Å"murder† that he committed. Jim would non be able to carry through the life he ever talked about to Huck ; a free life. Therefore. the immature male child has evolved into a all-around adult male and conquers society’s trial of his relationship with Jim while his scruples plays the function of positive decision-making. In today’s civilisation. Huck would be known as a modern twenty-four hours citizen and his point of view would be more constitutionally correct in present twenty-four hours society in comparing to life in the 1860s. While Huck understands the positions of society. he chooses to move by his ain ethical motives and protects Jim who has become a victim of bondage and bias during the Civil War epoch.

Reformation and Rise of Nationalism

Introduction Profound changes in human conduct have been witnessed in the world especially in medieval Europe. The changes which were mainly brought about by rights movement and discontent with established practices culminated into the organization society with orderly and systematic way of doing things. This paper seeks to describe the sequence of things that led to Reformation, the rise of nationalism and finally the development of universal laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reformation and Rise of Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reformation Reformation is a term that is used to refer to the â€Å"Christian reform movement that led to the establishment of Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity† ( Revesz 45). The advent of this reform movement can be traced to 1517 after the publication of the â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses† by Martin Luther (Malhotra , pars. 3). The reformation was facilitated by Catholics from western European Catholics who had tried to transform the Roman Catholic Church (Revesz 26). This faction was opposed to the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. They were especially discontented with the habit of â€Å"buying and selling of clerical offices which they regarded as evidence of the systematic corruption of the Church’s Roman hierarchy† (Social Origins of Democracy, pars. 34). The â€Å"ninety-Five Theses on the power and Efficacy of indulgences† written by Martin Luther mainly argued and criticized both the Pope and the church (Revesz, pars. 3-5). The movement was joined by various reformers who later disintegrated due to lack of doctrinal consensus. As a consequence, various protestant denominations were established. This later led to a 30 year ware between the rulers who had adopted Protestantism and those who defended the Roman Catholic. In the end a treaty was signe d to ensure that: all the states be aware of the â€Å"peace deal which allowed the prince of a given state to determine the religion of his own state; Christians living in states where their denominations were not the established church would be guaranteed the right to practice their faith†. Origins of nationalism and equal rights The roots of nationalism can be traced to the reformation period. The interdenominational wars resulted into insecurity. In the â€Å"absence of strong Government’s the people surrendered their lands and labor to local war loads in return for shelter and support† (Malhotra, pars. 2). This systematically gave rise to aristocracy which would later form the basis for revolutionaries towards nationalism. â€Å"The first expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789† (Malhotra, pars. 3). The country was then an already operational state was being ruled by monarchy. â€Å"The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to the body of the French citizen† (Malhotra, pars. 4).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was the first historical instance in which collective identity was being introduced on the people by various practices and actions that â€Å"emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution† (Malhotra, pars.4). During this period many changes took place including the election of estate generals, abolition of duties, and establishment of a system for administration and nationalizing of the French language which was previously used in Paris alone (Malhotra, pars. 4). The French revolutionaries required the established French nation to play an integral role in the liberation of Europeans from despotism. The campaigns that followed led to mo vement of the â€Å"French armies into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s† (Social Origins of Democracy, pars. 6). The return to monarchy in France under Napoleon led to the destruction of democracy though he brought onboard other principles that led to a more balanced system. The â€Å"Civil code of 1804, which is often referred to as the Napoleonic Code-did away with privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property† (Malhotra, pars. 6). This code was replicated in other states that were controlled by France. â€Å"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany†, the administrative divisions were made simple, feudalism done away with and freedom from serfdom offered to peasants (Social Origins of Democracy). Before nationalism was established in â€Å"Europe, Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, Duchies and cantons whose rulers had autonomous territorie s of which lived diverse people†. The individual groups in these countries communicated in different dialects and never envisioned themselves coming together â€Å"under a common culture or collective identity† (Malhotra, pars. 5). The groups had only the emperor as common factor. In terms of social and political status, the aristocrats were the foremost class in Europe. Members of this class were drawn from different regions and were unified by similar lifestyles which were basically defined by owning estates in the countryside in addition to townhouses, speaking French for societal status or diplomatic reasons among others (Malhotra, pars. 4). The aristocrats constituted a small percentage of the population that was dominated by peasants. In the 19th century, the concept of national unity was closely associated with the notion of liberalism (Revesz 45). Liberalism, as interpreted by the emerging middle classes was seen as a concept that emphasized â€Å"freedom for a n individual and equality of all before the law† (Malhotra, pars. 6).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reformation and Rise of Nationalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A political definition depicted the term stood for â€Å"Government by consent† (Revesz, 56). However, equality before the law did not have the same meaning as universal suffrage. In France, the initial steps to the attainment of liberal democracy had several downsides. For instance, â€Å"the right to vote and get elected was granted exclusively to property owning men. Men without property and women were excluded from all political rights† (Malhotra, pars. 7). Thus in the 19th the new middle class based their strong demands on these practices. The â€Å"defeat of Napoleon led to the establishment of conservatism whereby established traditional institutions such as the church, monarchy and social hierarchies were t o be conserved† (Malhotra, pars. 6). â€Å"Conservative regimes became so autocratic and did not tolerate any criticism and dissent† which led to the rise of many secret societies composed of liberals (Social Origins of Democracy, pars. 4). This culminated into revolutions that ended in the creation of nations states. Conclusion This paper sought to describe the sequence of things that led to Reformation, the rise of nationalism and finally the development of universal laws. It has been established that the reformation of the church and the resulting wars formed a strong foundation for the establishment of nationalism (Malhotra, pars. 4). It has been established that the first forms of nationalism were expressed after the French revolution. Works Cited Malhotra, Jyoti. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE. June 2009. Web. Revesz, Imre. History of the Hungarian Reformed Church, Knight. Washington D.C: Hungarian Reformed Federation of America, 1956. Print Social Origins of D emocracy. February 2010. Web.1 November 2010 http://www.icpd.org/democracy/index.htm.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on Reformation and Rise of Nationalism was written and submitted by user BettyBrant to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dell Inc Case Study

Dell Inc Case Study Problem Statement The relationship between the managers and workers was not good at all, this led to mass layoffs which affected the company’s performance .The other problem was in the process of recruiting new employees in a bid to achieve sustainable growth and development for the Company. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dell Inc Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company did not have enough creative employees who could contribute new ideas on how to venture into new fields of investment. The chief Executive officer was very impatient with new products in the market; he expected quick returns which was not possible within short span of time (Lynch 433-437). List of Alternatives The relationship between top managers and the subordinates in any company must always be healthy for productivity purposes. From the case in Dell Company, the relationship between the top managers (the Chief Executive Of ficer Michael Dell and the President Kevin B. Rollins) with the subordinates was poor resulting to mass lay-off hence poor company performance (Lynch 433-437). Any established company should always have training programs for new employees on issues related to company management; this includes marketing segmentation and sales strategies. This ensures that high level of productivity is realized. The success of Dell relies on their improvement in the quality of goods they offer. This has to take place by incorporating new technology in the manufacturing process. This will require structuring of business plan that will incorporate new marketing and promotional strategies. There is need for patience whenever a new product is introduced into the market; this allows it time to catch up before any profit is realized (Bonoma 69-76). Analysis of the Alternatives Good interpersonal skills and relationship between workers is vital for effective management and running of any company. Communicat ion is a very important factor that ensures smooth running of activities within the company. This must be encouraged amongst all employees regardless of the positions they hold. This may as well act as a very important tool for designing communication marketing mix outside the Company. The scenario at Dell Inc clearly demonstrates the results of poor communication that ends up creating poor working environment (Ahmed 1177-1186).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is very important for the firm to offer training to its own workforce than recruiting them from outside the company. This ensures that the new recruits are those who are very much familiar with the company’s production processes. This also encourages smooth transition when it comes to succession within various departments. Dell had a problem with workers from outside because they were unable to adap t with the required speed to the company’s codes and principles. For a company to keep up with the ever changing demand and supply curve, they must be ready to invest on better ways of improving the quality of their products, this also includes stepping up their technology by initiating necessary modifications with regards to quality and quantity (Kohli 53-81). Dell’s conservative ways could not enable the company to invest hence failing to compete favorably within the market. In the business world, it’s not easy for one to get quick returns from newly introduced products. It calls for patience and proper strategizing. Dells impatience and quest for quick profit slowed their productivity and consequently affected the end results (Cravens and Piercy 2009). Recommendations The management should work out modalities of creating good relationships amongst the workers at all levels (Johlke and Duhan 265-267). There must be harmony within the working environment. Itâ €™s inevitably necessary for the Company to have new recruits if it expects to expand its production and improves on the level of its skilled manpower. This can be done through training and internship programs. The company should come up with good business plan that enables it to arrest the lucrative investment opportunities. By all standards, when a new product is launched in the market, it will take a while for it to command public confidence. As such the producers must be patient and use good sales and marketing strategies. Ahmed, Pervaiz. â€Å"Internal Marketing Issues and Challenges†. European Journal of Marketing; London 37(9), (2003):1177-1186. Bonoma, Thomas. â€Å"Making Your Marketing Strategies Work†. Harvard Business Review. Harvard Business school USA (1984): 69-76.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dell Inc Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cravens, David and Piercy, Nigel. â€Å"Strategic Marketing†. McGraw Hill. 9th edition. 2009. Johlke, Mark and Dale, Duhan. Testing Competing Models of Sales Force Communication, Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, United States Vol. 21 (2000): 265-277. Kohli, Jaworski. â€Å"Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences†. Journal of Marketing, New York 57, (3) (1993): 53-81. Lynch, Merril. â€Å"Dell Inc†. Business week, New York Feb 6, (2006):433-437

Treatment of Alzheimers disease

Treatment of Alzheimers disease Introduction Brain is one of the most important body organs. Its failure or malfunctioning usually results into fatal cases that are complicated and costly to treat. Like any other disease of the human body, brain diseases manifest into different ways, displaying varying signs and symptoms together with diverse risk levels. Medical practitioners describe the loss of brain function as dementia, a condition caused by certain diseases, which affect the brain. In discovering diseases, which lead to this condition, Alzheimers disease is among them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Alzheimers disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abbreviated as AD, the disease starts mildly before worsening with time. Its greatest effects are that it affects the overall memory ability of a patient, thinking and ultimately behavior. Alzheimers disease results into a wide range of diagnosis features, including memory impairment, poor judgment ability, personality problems, improper decision-making and language problems (Turkington Mitchell, 2009). According to documented research, Alzheimers disease is the primary cause of dementia affecting close to half a million people in the United Kingdom and five million in the United States. Importantly, dementia is a general term which refers to a collection of symptoms, which may include poor reasoning, problematic communicating ability, mood changes and impaired memory among others. These symptoms mainly occur following brain damage that could be caused by Alzheimers disease or other related infections. The disease is believed to have been first described by Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist as a physical disease which predominantly affects the brain (Cohen, 1999). As a practicing doctor, Alois Alzheimer noticed unusual symptoms manifested by one of his dead patients in 1906. Alzheimers disease is well known to affect the normal structure of brain , which may result into the death of some important cells. It is important to double emphasize that the disease is progressive and may lead to continuous damage and death of more brain cells. As a result, patients with Alzheimers disease worsen with time. Like in other known cases, scientists have devoted their time discovering the treatment of the disease with results indicating that there is no exact cure for the disease yet (Brill, 2005). This research paper, therefore, gives an analysis of the treatment of the disease. Several segments covering the chemistry of the disease have been incorporated in brief with a thorough and elaborate synthesis of treatment procedures that have been found working and recommended in dealing with the disease. Symptoms Major signs and symptoms of the disease revolve around the memory of patients as their brain gets damaged with time. Although memory problems could also be attributed to other infections, which affect the brain, medical practitioners concur that most cases are Alzheimer-related.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A common condition which affects memory is amnestic mild cognitive impairment. People with MCI are likely to experience more memory complications as compared to their age mates who are normal (Callone, 2010). The main difference with those with Alzheimers disease is that MCI patients experience mild symptoms as compared to severe symptoms observed among Alzheimers disease patients. Although not guaranteed, some researchers believe that old people with MCI are likely to develop Alzheimers disease. Apart from memory impairment, Alzheimers disease patients demonstrate low aspects of cognition, which is characterized by impaired reasoning and judgment, poor vision and word. As mentioned above, Alzheimers disease is progressive and shows varying symptoms depending on the development stag e of the disease (Soukup, 1996). During mild stage of Alzheimers disease, patients experience simple but dangerous problems like getting lost in a familiar neighborhood, inability to complete simple tasks even with plenty of time and inappropriate handling of money that may result into defaulting to pay bills. Some patients start repeating questions when asked and develop personality changes. Under normal circumstances, Alzheimers disease is diagnosed during this stage of development (National Institute on Aging, 2003). In cases where Alzheimers disease is not controlled during its first stage, it generally advances to the moderate stage of development, which involves damage of some brain parts that are responsible for language moderation, conscious thoughts and reasoning among others. At this stage, most patients experience severe loss of memory leading to a high level of confusion that makes them impossible to recognize their environment, family members and close friends (NHS, 201 0). Ultimately, patients become unable to perform simple tasks which may involve a series of steps like dressing up, become unable to cope with new situations and learn anything new. The last stage of Alzheimers disease development is considered dangerous since tangles, and plaques may have widely spread to most parts of the brain leading to severe shrinking of several brain tissues. At this stage, patients are described as dependents due to their inability to communicate and take care of themselves (Nordqvist, 2011). During final levels of this stage, patients spent most of their time in bed helplessly as their body systems shut down slowly. Notably, these three stages are irreversible although intervention during the first stage can be helpful in reducing the severity of the symptoms manifested.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Alzheimers disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Causes of Alzh eimers disease According to Mayo Clinic Staff, Alzheimers disease has no single cause identified by medical experts throughout the world. It is believed to be caused by intertwined factors, which include environmental, lifestyle and genetic make-up, which progressively affect the normal body functioning (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). Research further indicates that less than five percent of cases, which occur are gene-related. Importantly, some people show the symptoms of infection after the disease has developed to advanced levels that the severity of the symptoms cannot be regulated. Although there are varying findings, Alzheimers disease people who are above the age of sixty years are always at a higher risk of developing the Alzheimers disease. In the United States, more than five million people live with Alzheimers disease today. The following segments describe some of the factors known to cause Alzheimers disease. Age Among all the factors, age is the greatest predisposing factor of Alzheimers disease. According to scientific research done by Alzheimer Society, Dementia is common in people who are above the age of sixty-five years with statistical analysis showing that one out of fourteen people who have attained this age is at risk of developing the disease(Alzheimers Society, 2011). Genetic Inheritance Although research is still underway, there have been cases where certain families show consistency and high risk of infection than others. Nevertheless, genetic factors rarely affect older people in spite of them having a higher risk of being infected by Alzheimers disease. Those people who have close family members with the disease have a slightly higher chance of developing as compared to families, which lack traces of the disease (Alzheimers Society, 2011). With regard to environmental factors, no substantive research has been documented even though some experts have associated Alzheimers disease with high exposure to aluminum metal. Nevertheless, these c laims have been discounted on several occasions, leaving room for further investigations. Additionally, the majority of people who suffer from Down’s syndrome are highly susceptible due to the existing variations in their chromosomal make-up. The risk is considered higher among people who are above the age of fifty years.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, exposure to head injuries resulting from accidents and high pressure exerted during boxing and other related activities, which may cause injury of brain tissue leading to subsequent development of the disease. Lastly, cigarette smokers and people have developed high blood pressure are at a higher risk of developing the disease. Maintaining a holistic healthy life is highly recommended in lowering the risk of Alzheimers disease infection (Alzheimers Disease Research, 2011). Tests and Diagnosis of Alzheimers disease An important remark is that there are no specific tests, which have been recommended to be confirmatory. As a result, tests are usually determined by the doctor’s judgment based on the physical observations and other simple test, which may be carried out to give some form of clarity. Most doctors are able to identify patients with dementia and even go-ahead to evaluate whether the situation may have been caused by Alzheimers disease. However, accurate dia gnosis can only be established after the death of a patient through microscopic examination of brain tissues (National Institute of Aging, 2010). Such analysis usually reveals the characteristics of plaques and tangles that may have developed after the disease developed to advanced and severe stages. Moreover, there are several tests, which have been designed in order to establish a basis to differentiate other causes of memory loss from Alzheimers disease. Physical examination This involves the general analysis of the neurological health of a patient which among other things focuses on coordination, reflexes, balance, muscle tone, functionality of sense of touch and sight and locomotive ability. Laboratory tests are very important in eliminating other potential causes of observed memory impairment among patients like insufficient vitamins and thyroid disorders (Hill, 2011). Additionally, mental tests are imperative in identifying the stability of a patient’s memory. This tak es close to ten minutes before the neurologists can ascertain the exact condition of the memory of his or her patient. This test involves simple tasks like drawings, copying some design, writing and memory of some words uttered by the examining specialist. Neuropsychological testing Based on results obtained during initial stages of testing, doctors may recommend a broader assessment exercise that would lead to finer diagnostic results. These tests usually take longer hours and is considered helping in determining whether the disease is at its initial stages or that the patient could be suffering from another type of dementia. They also help in the identification of specific changes which occur as a result of different manifestations of dementia (Nazario, 2011). Imaging Brain imaging is rarely used in understanding the nature of brain abnormalities which could not necessarily be related to Alzheimers disease. These include tumors and strokes which have the ability to cause quantifia ble cognitive variation in patients. Common imaging techniques used include Computerized tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron emission tomography (PET) (Nazario, 2011). Although these techniques are used in testing Alzheimers disease, it is important to understand that they make use of radiations which have been found to have adverse effects on human beings. As a caution, doctors are not allowed to expose human brain to extreme radiations to avoid long-term damage of cells and emergence of other health complications. Treatment As mentioned above, Alzheimers disease is the most common type of dementia affecting millions of people around the world. With close fifteen million people suffering from the disease worldwide, there has been research efforts geared towards identifying methods of preventing the disease or reversing of progressive symptoms. However, these efforts have not bore substantive results (Alzheimers Association, 2010). While this has been the case, there are drugs recommended for Alzheimer patients for lowering the severity of observed symptoms and prevention of other opportunistic infections, which may affect Alzheimer patients. The most important thing about management of Alzheimers disease is early diagnosis before it develops to unmanageable levels. If management programs are initiated early enough, many neurologists argue that such patients may be able to manage their lives without necessarily depending on caregivers at home. Additionally, may live longer due to reduced effects of manifested symptoms. Of extreme significance is the need for doctors to observe specific symptoms and administer relevant drugs. Common symptoms to be observed and taken care of include but not limited to behavioral problems, aggression, depression and sleeplessness (Kantor, 2010). Drugs Even though no drugs have been discovered for treatment and prevention of Alzheimers disease, there are those that are administered to lower the severity of symptoms among patients. In many cases, the effect and overall benefit of these drugs may be quite small to go unnoticed by patients and family members. Before patients and caregivers decide to use recommended drugs, it is important for proper consultation to be done to know when to use the drugs (Delrieu et al., 2011). In this respect, one is supposed to be aware of the side effects and some of the risks associated with it, having in mind that the expected change in functioning or behavior might be negligible. Patients also need to know the best time to use the drugs, and if there could be situations that would require the patient to discontinue drug administration. So far, there are two types of drugs, which have been approved for the management of Alzheimers disease. These are: Cholinesterase inhibitors Namenda Cholinesterase inhibitors This class of drugs consists of four drugs, which are Razadyne, Cognex, Aricept and Exelon. Cholinesterase inhibitors are known for their abil ity to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical found in the human brain that is responsible for memory and learning. The drugs have also been found to slow down the usual progression of Alzheimers disease symptoms for a limited duration of time ranging up to twelve months (Delrieu et al., 2011). In understanding these drugs, it is essential to know that Aricept is the only drug which has the approval of Food and Drug Administration for treating Alzheimers disease during its three stages of development discussed in the segments above. It is administered orally since it exists as tablets, which can be directly swallowed or dissolved in the mouth. Additionally, Cognex is reported to have been the first Alzheimers drug to be recognized and recommended for use by FDA. However, it is the least used drug in managing Alzheimers disease as compared to the other members of this category of drugs (Delrieu et al., 2011). Similarly, Exelon has been recommended for use mildly in modera ting Alzheimers disease symptoms before they become severe and irreversible. Exelon exists is several forms; as liquid, skin patch and in capsule form. Lastly, Razadyne, formerly known as Reminyl is recognized and approved for its ability and effectiveness in Alzheimers disease management (Cummings, 2001). It exists in three formulations, namely, liquid, immediate-release tablet and extended-release capsule. Like many other drugs used in treatment of diseases, Cholinesterase inhibitors have side effects, which have to be understood when a patient is using them. These include vomiting, insomnia, weight loss, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fatigue and nausea. Likewise, the use of Cognex may result into liver damage. It is considered to be the most dangerous side effects described by doctors. In order to prevent liver damaging, it is highly advisable for the doctor in charge to carry out liver tests to determine its functioning and likelihood of being affected as a result of Cognex (Cummi ngs, 2001). Namenda This drug has been approved to treat Alzheimers disease from moderate stage of development to the severe level. Unlike other drugs which have been approved for the treatment of the disease, Namenda has a unique mechanism in treating Alzheimers disease. Its protective ability allows it to moderate the release and activity of certain brain chemicals referred to as glutamate (Growdon, 1992). This is quite important since glutamate regulates the learning and memory ability of human beings. It has been observed that Alzheimers disease patients usually release excess glutamate in their brain which consequently affects their cognitive ability. In administering this drug, the brain would become capable of releasing normal amount of glutamate thus maintaining the ability of affected individuals to maintain their sense of memory and learning. Importantly, Namenda is the only drug which has proved to work this way and increases its efficiency when used with other drugs like Cognex, Aricept, Razadyne or Exelon. Common side effects associated with Namenda include headache, confusion, tiredness, constipation and dizziness (Kantor, 2010). Supplements There are several cases, which are been documented about people using vitamin E, B12 and B9, although no research has supported their efficiency in Alzheimers disease treatment. In other places, people believe that ginkgo biloba herb prevents the disease whereas scientific research has shown no correlation between the herb and Alzheimers disease. It, therefore, follows that drugs used as supplements in Alzheimers disease treatment should be recommended by a specialist since FDA does not approve over counter drugs. Supportive environment Patients with Alzheimers disease require supportive programs as part of the treatment plan. It is recommended that they be exposed to a safe environment that minimizes accidents due to their inability to support themselves and identify their surrounding correctly. Simple thing s like proper arrangement of furniture are important in promoting their safety (Nazario, 2011). Others include fixing handrails for support during movement, proper shoes selection and reducing the number of mirrors in the house since mirror images may frighten patients. Exercise and nutrition Regular exercising is highly recommended for everybody, including Alzheimers disease patients. This helps to maintain healthy joints, muscles and improve their mood. It also prevents constipation and augments sound sleep. These patients need to be well identified while exercising for easy identification by the public and offer them assistance once needed. Immobile patients can adopt stationary bikes and other approved machines (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). Regarding meals, Alzheimers patients need a balanced diet to maintain their deteriorating health. Reminding them to eat and giving them a hand in preparation and serving is healthy and encouraging. Conclusion From the above analysis of Alzheimer s disease, clearly its prevention and treatment remain a major challenge for neurologists around the world. While efforts to discover drugs for preventive purposes are on, it is imperative for the public to understand the manifestation of the disease in order for them to seek medical attention or help affected individuals to access specialized treatment before the disease advances. The use of FDA-approved drugs should be prescribed by a doctor to curb against negative side effects or wrong drug choice. Other healthy practices like excising and proper nutrition are equally essential in preventing the progression of symptoms (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2011). References Alzheimers Association. (2010). Alzheimers Disease. Alzheimers Association. Retrieved from alz.org/alzheimers_disease_alzheimers_disease.asp Alzheimers Disease Research. (2011). Common Alzheimers Treatments. Alzheimers Disease Research. Retrieved from ahaf.org/alzheimers/treatment/common/ Alzheimers Society. (2011). What is Al zheimers disease? Alzheimers Society. Retrieved from http://alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=100 Brill, M. (2005). Alzheimers disease. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. Callone, P. (2010). Alzheimers Disease: The Dignity Within: A Handbook for Caregivers, Family, and Friends. NYC: ReadHowYouWant.com. Cohen, E. (1999). Alzheimers Disease. New York City, U.S.: McGraw-Hill Professional. Cummings, J. (2001). Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Cornerstone, 3(4), 27-39. Delrieu et al. (2011). Managing Cognitive Dysfunction through the Continuum of Alzheimers Disease. Article Review, (25)3, 213-220. Growdon, J. (1992). Treatment for Alzheimers Disease? New England Journal of Medicine, 327, 1306-1308 Harvard Health Publications. (2009). A Guide to Alzheimers Disease. New York City: Harvard Health Publications. Hill, L. (2011). Drug treatments in Alzheimers. Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved from rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/alzheimersanddeme ntia/drugtreatmentofalzheimers.aspx Kantor, D. (2010). Alzheimers Disease. New York Times. Retrieved from http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/alzheimers-disease/overview.html Mayo Clinic Staff. (2011). Alzheimers disease. Mayo Clinic Staff. Retrieved from mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-disease/DS00161 National Institute of Aging. (2010). Alzheimers Information. National Institute of Aging. Retrieved from nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/AlzheimersInformation/Treatment/ National Institute on Aging. (2003). Alzheimers Disease: Unraveling the Mystery. NYC: Government Printing Office. Nazario, B. (2011). A Treatment Overview of Alzheimers Disease. WebMD. Retrieved from webmd.com/alzheimers/guide/treatment-overview NHS. (2010). Alzheimers Disease. NHS. Retrieved from nhs.uk/conditions/alzheimers-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx Nordqvist, C. (2011). What Is Alzheimers Disease? What Causes Alzheimers Disease? Medical News Today. Retrieved from medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159442.php S oukup, J. (1996). Alzheimers disease: a guide to diagnosis, treatment, and management. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Turkington, C., Mitchell, D. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Alzheimers Disease. New York City: InfoBase Publishing.

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relations - Essay Example Baker and Martinson (2002) articulated them as such; a) Truthfulness – does not only mean the â€Å"literal truth†. It is the practitioner’s dissociation from creating false and dishonest impressions out of factual statements. To be truthful is essential to ethical persuasion inherent in the profession of public relation. b) Authenticity – is consistent with being truthful. It meant practicing the profession with personal integrity. In launching a campaign or any persuasive effort, the practitioner must bear in mind the motive of such persuasive effort that it should transcend beyond the raw self-interest of the client. In observing authenticity, the practitioner should ask itself whether the â€Å"publics† will believe the message and if they will benefit if they accept the message. c) Respect- meant that the audience or â€Å"public† should not be treated as a mere means towards the client’s self-interest. The persuader or the PR pro fessional should bear in mind that in the practice of the craft, he or she should facilitate better understanding and provide good choices among its audience. d) Equity – the PR practitioner should be fair to the audience. ... 2. Functions of PR I am interested with I am interested with the community relations function of the PR practice. I am interested with it because it puts me in a position to wield opinion and foster goodwill in the community. I am interested with this function because I am able to facilitate communication and understanding not about the product or the institution that I represent but it also enables me to shape the opinions and perspective of the people. When done ethically, PR has the power to uplift the people from the sinking ignorance and can cast light and understanding during the time of disbelief and skepticism. 3. Significance of the article to the field of public relations The article chosen is significant as it addresses and illustrates the current trend on how information are being shaped and reshaped by an interaction between the public and the information institutions. It shows that perspectives, public opinion and public relations are now shared mutually both by the pub lic and information agencies through the Consumer Generation Media (CGM) which were before belongs to the sole discretion of the companies. In short, the articles’ significance is its relevance on how media is currently being shaped and reshaped by the new platforms such as blogs, social networking sites, websites, media sharing and etch which is used by the generation that I belong and how we are now being empowered by such platforms. 4. Significance of the article to the specific function of public relations The article illustrated how information institutions and companies have changed with the introduction of Consumer Generated Media. The creation and distribution of information is no longer the sole function of the media practitioners as technology has empowered